Use the SCIENTIFIC METHOD when you do these experiments. Each of the steps for the SCIENTIFIC METHOD are clearly identified on each experiment. List the Steps for the SCIENTIFIC METHOD on your paper Do the PROCEDURES and bring the results to Mr. Griffin in the Science Lab for a reward

The FIVE STEPS FOR The Scientific Method:

1. (Question): What do you want to know?
2. (Hypothesis): Predict an answer to your question.
3. (Experiment): Design a procedure to test your hypothesis.
4. (Analysis): Record what you observed during your experiment
5. (Conclusion): Was your Hypothesis correct?

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Light Soda ( Density)

Question: Will a can of diet and a can of regular soda float?(Question)

(Hypothesis)IF regular soda has sugar in it THEN the can of regular soda will sink.

Materials:
1. a large bowl or other container for water or a sink.
2. a can of regular soda
3. a can of diet soda
4. Water

Procedure:(Experiment)

1. Be sure that both of the cans of soda are the same brand.
   
2. Place both cans in the container.
   
3. Observe what happened.
   
4. Record what you observed.(Analysis)
   

Write (Analysis)a description of what you observed.

Explain: (Conclusion)
Did the regular soda float? If so explain why? *
Did the diet soda float? If so, explain why? *
* Hint: Compare the ingredients to see what may be different.

Go to the Results and Answers Page for theLIGHT SODA EXPERIMENT.

Ice Race (Surface Area)

Question: Will two different size containers with the same amount of liquid freeze at the same rate? (Question)

(Hypothesis)IF One container has more surface area THEN it will freeze faster than one with less surface area.

Materials:
1. a wide, plastic container.
2. a plastic cup.
3. a freezer.
4. Water.

Procedure:(Experiment)

1. Fill the plastic cup with water and pour it into the plastic container.
   
2. Then fill the cup again.
   
3. Place the container and the cup into the freezer.
   While you are waiting, make a guess about which you think will freeze first.
   Wait a minute! They both have the same amount of water, don't they?
   
4. Take a quick peek every 15 minutes until one of them is completely frozen.
   
5. Observe what happened.
   
6. Record which one froze first?(Analysis)
   

Write (Analysis)a description of what you observed.

Explain: (Conclusion)
Did the cup freeze first? If so explain why? *
Did the plastic container freeze first? If so, explain why? *
* Hint:Consider which container had more surface area for the cold air to hit.

Go to the Results and Answers Page for theICE RACE EXPERIMENT.

Hot Air Bottle (Thermal Conductivity)

Question: What happens to the gas inside an empty bottle when you put the bottle in hot water? (Question)

(Hypothesis)IF you put an empty bottle in hot water THEN then the gas will move faster from the heat and come out of the bottle..

Materials:
1. a plastic soft drink bottle or similar container
2. sink or bathtub of hot water
Procedure:(Experiment)

1. The first thing we need is a lot of hot water. You could fill the sink with hot water if it is time to wash the dishes, or you could fill the tub with water if it is time to take a bath. You need the water to be fairly deep, so you will have room to get most of the bottle under water. The water should be hot, but not hot enough to burn you.
   
2. Next, turn the bottle so that the opening is at the bottom and push it into the water. Hold the bottle there and watch the opening carefully. What happens? Air begins to bubble out of the bottle. As you watch, more and more air continues to come out. You may be quite surprised at how much air leaves the bottle. The water should be hot, but not hot enough to burn you.
   What happens?
   
3. Record your observation.(Analysis)
   
4. Once the air stops coming out of the bottle, put the cap back on while the bottle is still under the water upside down. Screw it on tightly. Then remove the bottle from the water. Place it on the table and watch it carefully.
   What happens?
   
5. Record your observation.(Analysis)
   
6. FINALLY:You can take this experiment a step farther by using a balloon. Put the balloon over the mouth of the bottle before you put it into the hot water, leave only the balloon outside of the water and put the bottle all the way in the water.
   What happens?
   
7. Record your observation.(Analysis)
   

Write (Analysis)a description of what you observed.

Explain: (Conclusion)
What was comming out of the upside down bottle when it was in the hot water? *
Why did the 'gas' come out of the bottle? If so, explain why? *
* Hint:Consider what happens when you put energy(heat) on matter.

Go to the Results and Answers Page for theHOT AIR BOTTLE EXPERIMENT.

Picking up an Ice Cube with a String
(Freezing Point)

Question: Is it possible to Pick up an ice cube with a string? (Question)

(Hypothesis)IF salt lowers its freezing point of water THEN the chilled water will freeze, sticking the string to the ice cube.

Materials:
1. a couple of ice cubes.
2.2 feet of thread a plastic cup.
3. salt.

Procedure:(Experiment)

1. Lay the end of the thread across the ice cube. You may want to loop the thread a couple of times back and forth on top of the cube, to give it plenty of surface area to stick to.
   
2. Sprinkle about 1/2 teaspoon of salt on top of the thread and wait about a minute.
   
3. Lift up on the string .
   
4. Record what happened when you picked up the string?(Analysis)
   

Write (Conclusion)a description of what you observed. *
* Hint:Use the words in the HYPOTHESIS in your description..

Go to the Results and Answers Page for thePicking up an Ice Cube with a String EXPERIMENT.

Egg Bubbles (Thermal Conductivity)

Question: Is there air inside an egg? (Question)

(Hypothesis)IF there is air inside an egg THEN hot water will make the air come out of the pores in the egg shell.

Materials:
1. a raw egg
2. a clear glass of hot water.

Procedure:(Experiment)

1. Be sure to use a clear glass, so you can see what is happening. Fill the glass with hot water from your kitchen sink. We will put the egg into the water, so leave enough room so that the water does not overflow. Your main goal is to have enough hot water so that the egg will be completely under water. Let the hot water sit for a few seconds, so that any air bubbles can float to the top.
   
2. Carefully place the egg into the hot water. Watch for a minute. What do you see?
   
3. Record what you see OR hear.(Analysis)
   

Write (Analysis)a description of what you observed.

Explain: (Conclusion)
Did bubbles come from the egg? If so explain why? *

* Hint: Remember that energy(heat) makes matter(gas) move more.

Go to the Results and Answers Page for theEGG BUBBLES EXPERIMENT.

Scaring Pepper(BOO) (Surface Tension)

Question: Will soap release the surface tension of water? (Question)

(Hypothesis)IF soap will release the surface tension of water THEN the pepper will move to the edge of the bowl like it is scared.

Materials:
1. a bowl.
2. water.
3. black pepper.
4. bar of soap.

Procedure:(Experiment)

Before you start this demonstration, rub the end of your finger gently across a bar of soap. You want a little soap on your finger, but not enough that you can see it.

1. Place a bowl of water on the table.
   
2. Sprinkle some pepper across the surface of the water.
   At this point, a magician would tell a story about an ancient warrior that was so fierce that even inanimate objects were afraid of him. It is said that even flakes of pepper would run from him.
   
3. Then you ask your audience to try scaring the pepper. Have them make a scary face and stick their finger into the bowl of water. Unless one of them knows the trick, or was sloppy in washing his hands, nothing will happen.
   
4. NOW it is your turn, you put on a fierce face and stick your finger into the water. Be sure to use the finger that you rubbed against the soap.
5. Observe what happened.
   
6. Record what you saw the pepper do?(Analysis)
   

Write (Analysis)a description of what you observed.

Explain: (Conclusion)
Why did the pepper move to the side of the bowl? *
What released the surface tension of the water? *
* Hint:Soap will break the cohesive properties of water and release the surface tension.

Go to the Results and Answers Page for theSCARED PEPPER EXPERIMENT.

Lumpy and Squishy Solids ( non-Newtonian fluids)

Question: Can a liquid ACT like a SOLID?(Question)

(Hypothesis)IF I keep pressure on this mixture THEN it will stay compact like a SOLID.

Materials:
1. corn starch (about ¼ cup)
2. water (about ¼ cup)
3. a bowl for mixing
4. newspaper

Procedure:(Experiment)

1. Place a sheet of newspaper flat on a table. Put the mixing bowl in the middle of the newspaper.
   
2. Add ¼ cup of dry cornstarch to the bowl.
   
3. Add about 1/8 cup (2 tablespoons) of water to the corn starch and stir slowly.
   
4. Add water slowly to the mixture, with stirring, until all of the powder is wet.
   Continue to add water until the cornstarch acts like a liquid when you stir it slowly. When you tap on the liquid with your finger, it should NOT splash, but rather will BECOME HARD. If your mixture is too liquid, add more cornstarch. Your goal is to create a mixture that feels like a stiff liquid when you stir it slowly, but feels like a solid when you tap on it with your finger or a spoon.
   
5. Scoop the cornstarch mixture into the palm of your hand, then slowly work it into a ball.
6. Observe what happened.
   
7. Now Stop rubbing
   
8. Observe what happened.
   
9. Record what you observed.(Analysis)

Write (Analysis)a description of what you observed.

Explain: (Conclusion)
What happened when you applied pressure on the Mixture?
What happened when you STOPPED?
What other tests can you do with the liquid?????? or is it a solid????????
Layered Liquids

Go to the Results and Answers Page for the lumpy and squishy solids EXPERIMENT.

Rainbow in a Glass ( Density)

Question: Can sugar make water more dense?(Question)

(Hypothesis)IF I add more sugar to equal amounts of water THEN it will have more mass and therefore will be more dense.

Materials:
1. four different colors of food coloring (e.g. red, yellow, green, blue)
2. five tall glasses or clear plastic cups
3. ¾ cup (180 g) of granulated sugar
4. a tablespoon for measuring
5. 1 cup (240 ml) water

Procedure:(Experiment)

1. In the first glass, add one tablespoon of sugar. In the second glass, add two tablespoons of sugar, three in the third glass, and four in the last glass.
   
2. Then add three tablespoons (45 ml) of water to each glass, and stir until the sugar is dissolved.
   NOTE:If the sugar in any of the glasses WILL NOT DISSOLVE, add one more tablespoon (15 ml) of water to ALL of the glasses, and stir again.
   
3. When the sugar is completely dissolved, add two or three drops of red food coloring to the first glass, yellow to the second, green to the third, and blue to the last glass.
   
4. In the remaining glass we will create our rainbow.
   NOTE: It is very IMPORTANT to follow the following procedure and pour the colors in ORDER.
   Fill the glass about a fourth of the way with the blue sugar solution. Next, carefully add the green solution to the glass. Do this by putting a spoon in the glass, just above the level of the blue solution. Slowly pour the green solution into the spoon, raising the spoon to keep it just above the level of the liquid, until the glass is half full. Add the yellow solution, and then the red one in the same manner
   
5. Observe what happened.
6. Record what you observed.(Analysis)

Write (Analysis)a description of what you observed.

Explain: (Conclusion)
What color were the layers and why?
What do you think will happen if you stir up the liquids in the glass?

Cartesian Diver ( Air pressure and Density)

Question: Can I make a packet of ketchup sink in a bottle of water?(Question)

(Hypothesis)IF Squeeze the bottle of water and change the pressure inside THEN it will change the pressure in the packet and make it sink.

Materials:
1. 1 ketchup, mistard or soy sauce packet from a restaurant
2. water
3. a 1 or 2 liter clear plastic bottle

Procedure:(Experiment)

1. Place the packet in a bowl or cup of water to see if it will float. For this experiment you will need a packet that just barely floats.
   
2. Take a packet that barely floats and put it in the clear plastic bottle (you may need to fold it in half lengthwise to get in through the opening).
   NOTE:If you can't find a sauce packet that works well for you, you can also use a pen cap and some modeling clay or silly putty. Stick the end of the pen cap through a pea-sized ball of the clay or putty. You will have to experiment with how much material to put at the end of the pen cap to get it to just barely float. Carefully place the pen cap in the plastic bottle so that there is an air bubble trapped inside the pen cap. Fill the bottle to the top, screw the cap tightly onto the bottle, and squeeze the outside. If your pen cap doesn't sink, take it out and put a little more material on the end of the cap. When you have it right, you will be able to send your "diver" to the bottom with just a small squeeze of the bottle.
3. Fill the bottle to the brim(to the VERY TOP) with water and screw the cap on tight.
   
4. Squeeze the sides of the bottle.
   
5. Observe what happened.
   
6. Record what you observed.(Analysis)

Write (Analysis)a description of what you observed.

Explain: (Conclusion)
Did the packet sink when you squeezed the bottle?
Experiment with your diver. Can you squeeze the bottle just enough to keep the diver suspended in the middle of the bottle?

Go to the Results and Answers Page for the Cartesian Diver EXPERIMENT.

Soft Water and Suds ( minerals)

Question: Does hard water or soft water make more suds?(Question)

(Hypothesis)IF distilled water has no minerals in it and is soft THEN it will make less suds.

Materials:
1. 500 milliliters (2 cups) distilled water
2. 5 milliliters (1 teaspoon) epsom salts
3. 2 empty and cleaned 2-liter plastic soft-drink containers, with screw caps
4.several drops of liquid dishwashing detergent (not the kind for automatic dishwashers)

Procedure:(Experiment)

1. Pour 250 milliliters (1 cup) of distilled water into each of the empty soft-drink bottles.
   NOTE:distilled water, which contains no minerals, is "soft."
   
2. Add 5 milliliters (1 teaspoon) of epsom salts to ONE of the bottles.
   NOTE:epsom salt, which is magnesium sulfate(read the packige it comes in), is a mineral.
   
3. Swirl the bottle until the epsom salts dissolve.
   
4. Add several drops of liquid dish detergent to both bottles. Seal the bottles with their caps. Shake both bottles.
   
5. Observe what happened.
   
6. Record what you observed.(Analysis)

Write (Analysis)a description of what you observed.

Explain: (Conclusion)
Did one of the bottles make MORE suds?
Which bottle has more suds?

Go to the Results and Answers Page for the Soft Water and Suds EXPERIMENT.

Lightning in Your Mouth (Chargr Seperation/Atoms)

Question: Can candy make light?(Question)

(Hypothesis)IF I crush the atoms in the candy with my teeth THEN a light will be made by the electron leaving the atoms that the candy is made from.

Materials:
1.Wintergreen LifeSavers
2.Mirror
3.VERY dark room

Procedure:(Experiment)

1. Turn out the lights and allow your eyes to become accustomed to the dark.
   
2. While looking into a mirror, pop a wintergreen Life Saver into your mouth and chew.
   
3. Observe what happened.
   
4. Record what you observed.(Analysis)

Write (Analysis)a description of what you observed.

Explain: (Conclusion)
Did you see any light?

Go to the Results and Answers Page for the Lightning in Your Mouth EXPERIMENT.

Rubber Bones (Chemical Reaction)

Question: Can bones bend?(Question)

(Hypothesis)IF I place some bones in a vinegar solution THEN the calcium will dissolve and allow the bones bend.

Materials:
1.A jar large enough to fit a chicken bone
2.A chicken bone - a leg or "drumstick" bone works best
3.Vinegar

Procedure:(Experiment)

1. Have a nice chicken dinner and save a bone.
   
2. Rinse off the bone in running water to remove any stuff from the bone.
   
3. Notice how hard the bone is - try bending it. Like our bones, chicken bones have a mineral called calcium in them to make them hard.
   
4. Put the bone into the jar and cover the bone with vinegar. It might be a good idea to put the lid on the jar or cover it - let it sit for 3 days
   
5. After 3 days remove the bone. It will feel different, and interesting. You can rinse it off and try bending it again.
   
6. Observe what happened.
   
7. Record what you observed.(Analysis)

Write (Analysis)a description of what you observed.

Explain: (Conclusion)
Is it really a rubber bone?
What made it bendable?

Go to the Results and Answers Page for the Rubber Bones EXPERIMENT.

Pushing Air (Thermal Conduction)

Question: What would happen if you put a bottle with a balloon over the opening into a container of hot water?(Question)

(Hypothesis)IF I place the bottle in hot water THEN the air should become more active and go into the balloon.

Materials:
1. a plastic soda bottle
2. a balloon large enough so that the opening will stretch over the mouth of the bottle
3. sink with hot water
3. a freezer
Procedure:(Experiment)

1. Stretch the opening of the balloon over the mouth of the bottle.
   
2. Fill the sink with hot water
   
3. Place the bottle in the sink standing with the balloon out of the water. Hold the bottle upright without touching the balloon.
   
4. Observe what happened.
   
5. Record what you observed.(Analysis)
   
6. Now Put the bottle in the freezer for 15 minutes.
   
7. Observe what happened.
   
8. Record what you observed.(Analysis)
   

Write (Analysis)a description of what you observed.

Explain: (Conclusion)
What happened to the balloon in the HOT water?
What happened to the balloon in the FREEZER?
WHY did the balloon expand in the Hot go inside the bottle from the COLD?

Go to the Results and Answers Page for the Pushing Air EXPERIMENT.

Oil and Water and Static, Oh My! (Polarity)

Question: Will water bend away from static electricity produced by a balloon?(Question)

(Hypothesis)IF I place the statically charced balloon next to a stream of water THEN the water will bend awat from the balloon.
Materials:
1. a balloon
2. water
3. oil
3. syrup

Procedure:(Experiment)

1. Blow up a balloon and tie it off. Then rub it against your hair or a piece of cloth, to build up a static charge.
   
2. Then turn on the water in your sink. Turn the water down to form a very thin stream of water.
   
3. Bring the balloon near the stream of WATER BE SURE not touch the stream of WATER with the balloon.
   
4. Observe what happened.
   
5. Record what you observed.(Analysis)
   
6. Try the same thing with a thin stream of OIL. Put a bowl in the sink and then pour cooking OIL into it, trying to get a nice, thin stream like with the water.
   
7. Bring the balloon near the stream of OIL.BE SURE not touch the stream of OIL with the balloon.
   
8. Observe what happened.
   
9. Record what you observed.(Analysis)
   
10. Try the same thing with a thin stream of SYRUP. Put a bowl in the sink and then pour SYRUPinto it, trying to get a nice, thin stream like with the water.
    
11. Bring the balloon near the stream of SYRUP. BE SURE not touch the stream of SYRUP with the balloon.
    
12. Observe what happened.
    
13. Record what you observed.(Analysis)
    

Write (Analysis)a description of what you observed.

Explain: (Conclusion)
What happened with the WATER? Did the water BEND AWAY from the Balloon?
What happened with the OIL? Did the OIL BEND AWAY from the Balloon?
What happened with the SYRUP? Did the SYRUPBEND AWAY from the Balloon?
Why did the water and the syrup bend but the oil did not?

Go to the Results and Answers Page for the Oil and Water and Static, Oh My! EXPERIMENT.

Static in a Balloon (Static Electricity)

Question: How would static electricity effect pepper inside a balloon?(Question)

(Hypothesis)IF I place pepper inside of a balloon THEN the pepper would react to a ststic charge placed on the balloon.

Materials:
1. a balloon
2. Pepper

Procedure:(Experiment)

1. Blow up the balloon and let the air out of it again. Do this a couple of times, to make it easy to blow up.
   
2. Pour about half a teaspoon of black pepper into the balloon. Do this over the sink, so you don't make a mess.
   
3. Warning! Be careful with this step! You are going to blow the balloon up again, but remember that this time it has pepper in it. If you accidentally let it slip, you may get a mouth full of pepper. Once it is inflated, tie it off. Again, be careful not to slip and get pepper in your face.
   
4. Rub it on your hair! This will give the balloon a charge of static electricity.
   
5. After rubbing enough to get a good charge, hold the balloon up near a light and shake it slightly. You should see quite a bit of pepper sticking to the balloon where you rubbed it.
   
6. Bring your finger close to the balloon where the pepper is sticking.
   
7. Observe what happened.
   
8. Record what you observed.(Analysis)
   

Write (Analysis)a description of what you observed.

Explain: (Conclusion)
What did the pepper inside the balloon do when you touched the balloon?
What happens if you move your finger along the surface of the balloon?

Go to the Results and Answers Page for the Static in a Balloon EXPERIMENT.

Boat Puzzle (Sink and Float) BEFORE WE START THIS ONE, READ THIS:

First, we will think about the puzzle. Imagine that I wanted to test my fishing boat to be sure that it does not have any leaks. Putting the boat into the swimming pool, I find that it is indeed sound and ready for use. Getting a bit silly, I toss out the anchor, so the boat will not float away. Now for the puzzle. When I take the anchor out of the boat and toss it into the water, will the water level in the pool go up slightly, go down slightly, or stay the same?
Think about the situation carefully. Form a scientific hypothesis. For those of you that have done science fair projects, "hypothesis" may be a "dirty word," but you really use them all the time. Anytime you look at a set of facts and form an opinion about what they mean, you are using a hypothesis. Examples are deciding if traffic is moving slowly enough for you to merge, deciding if those gray clouds mean you should carry an umbrella, or deciding if one container of ice cream will be enough.
So stop reading this and think about the puzzle. Don't just make a random guess. Pause and really think about what should happen.

Question: Would moving a heavy weight from the inside of the boat into the water cause any change in the water level of the pool? (Question)

(Hypothesis)IF I remove a weight from the boat and place it in the water THEN the water level should go down.

Materials:
1. a large, clear container of water
2. a plastic bowl to float on the water in the container
3. a heavy weight, such as a rock or a bag of coins
4.tape

Procedure:(Experiment)

1. Fill the large clear container about 2/3 with water. Place the plastic bowl into the water.
   
2. Place the heavy weight into the bowl. If the bowl sinks, then you need a weight that is not quite so heavy.
   
3. Let the water settle and then use a piece of tape to mark the water level. Be very precise, because if there is a change, it will not be a big one.
   
4. The moment of truth has arrived. It is time to throw out the anchor. Well, don't throw it, because that would splash water, messing up the experiment. Instead, gently lift the weight and place it into the water. Let the water settle and then look closely at the water level.
   
5. Observe what happened.
   
6. Record what you observed.(Analysis)
   

Write (Analysis)a description of what you observed.

Explain: (Conclusion)
Did the water in the container go up or down?

Go to the Results and Answers Page for the Boat Puzzle EXPERIMENT.